nanoreth/crates/net/network/src/peers.rs

//! Peer related implementations

use crate::{
    error::SessionError,
    session::{Direction, PendingSessionHandshakeError},
    swarm::NetworkConnectionState,
};
use futures::StreamExt;
use reth_eth_wire::{errors::EthStreamError, DisconnectReason};
use reth_ethereum_forks::ForkId;
use reth_net_banlist::BanList;
use reth_network_api::test_utils::{PeerCommand, PeersHandle};
use reth_network_peers::{NodeRecord, PeerId};
use reth_network_types::{
    peers::{
        config::PeerBackoffDurations,
        reputation::{DEFAULT_REPUTATION, MAX_TRUSTED_PEER_REPUTATION_CHANGE},
    },
    ConnectionsConfig, Peer, PeerAddr, PeerConnectionState, PeerKind, PeersConfig,
    ReputationChangeKind, ReputationChangeOutcome, ReputationChangeWeights,
};
use std::{
    collections::{hash_map::Entry, HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque},
    fmt::Display,
    io::{self},
    net::{IpAddr, SocketAddr},
    task::{Context, Poll},
    time::Duration,
};
use thiserror::Error;
use tokio::{
    sync::mpsc,
    time::{Instant, Interval},
};
use tokio_stream::wrappers::UnboundedReceiverStream;
use tracing::{trace, warn};

/// Maintains the state of _all_ the peers known to the network.
///
/// This is supposed to be owned by the network itself, but can be reached via the [`PeersHandle`].
/// From this type, connections to peers are established or disconnected, see [`PeerAction`].
///
/// The [`PeersManager`] will be notified on peer related changes
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct PeersManager {
    /// All peers known to the network
    peers: HashMap<PeerId, Peer>,
    /// The set of trusted peer ids.
    ///
    /// This tracks peer ids that are considered trusted, but for which we don't necessarily have
    /// an address: [`Self::add_trusted_peer_id`]
    trusted_peer_ids: HashSet<PeerId>,
    /// Copy of the sender half, so new [`PeersHandle`] can be created on demand.
    manager_tx: mpsc::UnboundedSender<PeerCommand>,
    /// Receiver half of the command channel.
    handle_rx: UnboundedReceiverStream<PeerCommand>,
    /// Buffered actions until the manager is polled.
    queued_actions: VecDeque<PeerAction>,
    /// Interval for triggering connections if there are free slots.
    refill_slots_interval: Interval,
    /// How to weigh reputation changes
    reputation_weights: ReputationChangeWeights,
    /// Tracks current slot stats.
    connection_info: ConnectionInfo,
    /// Tracks unwanted ips/peer ids.
    ban_list: BanList,
    /// Tracks currently backed off peers.
    backed_off_peers: HashMap<PeerId, std::time::Instant>,
    /// Interval at which to check for peers to unban and release from the backoff map.
    release_interval: Interval,
    /// How long to ban bad peers.
    ban_duration: Duration,
    /// How long peers to which we could not connect for non-fatal reasons, e.g.
    /// [`DisconnectReason::TooManyPeers`], are put in time out.
    backoff_durations: PeerBackoffDurations,
    /// If non-trusted peers should be connected to, or the connection from non-trusted
    /// incoming peers should be accepted.
    trusted_nodes_only: bool,
    /// Timestamp of the last time [`Self::tick`] was called.
    last_tick: Instant,
    /// Maximum number of backoff attempts before we give up on a peer and dropping.
    max_backoff_count: u8,
    /// Tracks the connection state of the node
    net_connection_state: NetworkConnectionState,
    /// How long to temporarily ban ip on an incoming connection attempt.
    incoming_ip_throttle_duration: Duration,
}

impl PeersManager {
    /// Create a new instance with the given config
    pub fn new(config: PeersConfig) -> Self {
        let PeersConfig {
            refill_slots_interval,
            connection_info,
            reputation_weights,
            ban_list,
            ban_duration,
            backoff_durations,
            trusted_nodes,
            trusted_nodes_only,
            basic_nodes,
            max_backoff_count,
            incoming_ip_throttle_duration,
        } = config;
        let (manager_tx, handle_rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        let now = Instant::now();

        // We use half of the interval to decrease the max duration to `150%` in worst case
        let unban_interval = ban_duration.min(backoff_durations.low) / 2;

        let mut peers = HashMap::with_capacity(trusted_nodes.len() + basic_nodes.len());
        let mut trusted_peer_ids = HashSet::with_capacity(trusted_nodes.len());

        for trusted_peer in trusted_nodes {
            match trusted_peer.resolve_blocking() {
                Ok(NodeRecord { address, tcp_port, udp_port, id }) => {
                    trusted_peer_ids.insert(id);
                    peers.entry(id).or_insert_with(|| {
                        Peer::trusted(PeerAddr::new_with_ports(address, tcp_port, Some(udp_port)))
                    });
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    warn!(target: "net::peers", ?err, "Failed to resolve trusted peer");
                }
            }
        }

        for NodeRecord { address, tcp_port, udp_port, id } in basic_nodes {
            peers.entry(id).or_insert_with(|| {
                Peer::new(PeerAddr::new_with_ports(address, tcp_port, Some(udp_port)))
            });
        }

        Self {
            peers,
            trusted_peer_ids,
            manager_tx,
            handle_rx: UnboundedReceiverStream::new(handle_rx),
            queued_actions: Default::default(),
            reputation_weights,
            refill_slots_interval: tokio::time::interval(refill_slots_interval),
            release_interval: tokio::time::interval_at(now + unban_interval, unban_interval),
            connection_info: ConnectionInfo::new(connection_info),
            ban_list,
            backed_off_peers: Default::default(),
            ban_duration,
            backoff_durations,
            trusted_nodes_only,
            last_tick: Instant::now(),
            max_backoff_count,
            net_connection_state: NetworkConnectionState::default(),
            incoming_ip_throttle_duration,
        }
    }

    /// Returns a new [`PeersHandle`] that can send commands to this type.
    pub(crate) fn handle(&self) -> PeersHandle {
        PeersHandle::new(self.manager_tx.clone())
    }

    /// Returns the number of peers in the peer set
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn num_known_peers(&self) -> usize {
        self.peers.len()
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over all peers
    pub(crate) fn iter_peers(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = NodeRecord> + '_ {
        self.peers.iter().map(|(peer_id, v)| {
            NodeRecord::new_with_ports(
                v.addr.tcp().ip(),
                v.addr.tcp().port(),
                v.addr.udp().map(|addr| addr.port()),
                *peer_id,
            )
        })
    }

    /// Returns the `NodeRecord` and `PeerKind` for the given peer id
    pub(crate) fn peer_by_id(&self, peer_id: PeerId) -> Option<(NodeRecord, PeerKind)> {
        self.peers.get(&peer_id).map(|v| {
            (
                NodeRecord::new_with_ports(
                    v.addr.tcp().ip(),
                    v.addr.tcp().port(),
                    v.addr.udp().map(|addr| addr.port()),
                    peer_id,
                ),
                v.kind,
            )
        })
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over all peer ids for peers with the given kind
    pub(crate) fn peers_by_kind(&self, kind: PeerKind) -> impl Iterator<Item = PeerId> + '_ {
        self.peers.iter().filter_map(move |(peer_id, peer)| (peer.kind == kind).then_some(*peer_id))
    }

    /// Returns the number of currently active inbound connections.
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) const fn num_inbound_connections(&self) -> usize {
        self.connection_info.num_inbound
    }

    /// Returns the number of currently __active__ outbound connections.
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) const fn num_outbound_connections(&self) -> usize {
        self.connection_info.num_outbound
    }

    /// Returns the number of currently pending outbound connections.
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) const fn num_pending_outbound_connections(&self) -> usize {
        self.connection_info.num_pending_out
    }

    /// Returns the number of currently backed off peers.
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn num_backed_off_peers(&self) -> usize {
        self.backed_off_peers.len()
    }

    /// Returns the number of idle trusted peers.
    fn num_idle_trusted_peers(&self) -> usize {
        self.peers.iter().filter(|(_, peer)| peer.kind.is_trusted() && peer.state.is_idle()).count()
    }

    /// Invoked when a new _incoming_ tcp connection is accepted.
    ///
    /// returns an error if the inbound ip address is on the ban list
    pub(crate) fn on_incoming_pending_session(
        &mut self,
        addr: IpAddr,
    ) -> Result<(), InboundConnectionError> {
        if self.ban_list.is_banned_ip(&addr) {
            return Err(InboundConnectionError::IpBanned)
        }

        // check if we even have slots for a new incoming connection
        if !self.connection_info.has_in_capacity() {
            if self.trusted_peer_ids.is_empty() {
                // if we don't have any incoming slots and no trusted peers, we don't accept any new
                // connections
                return Err(InboundConnectionError::ExceedsCapacity)
            }

            // there's an edge case here where no incoming connections besides from trusted peers
            // are allowed (max_inbound == 0), in which case we still need to allow new pending
            // incoming connections until all trusted peers are connected.
            let num_idle_trusted_peers = self.num_idle_trusted_peers();
            if num_idle_trusted_peers <= self.trusted_peer_ids.len() {
                // we still want to limit concurrent pending connections
                let max_inbound =
                    self.trusted_peer_ids.len().max(self.connection_info.config.max_inbound);
                if self.connection_info.num_pending_in < max_inbound {
                    self.connection_info.inc_pending_in();
                    return Ok(())
                }
            }

            // all trusted peers are either connected or connecting
            return Err(InboundConnectionError::ExceedsCapacity)
        }

        // also cap the incoming connections we can process at once
        if !self.connection_info.has_in_pending_capacity() {
            return Err(InboundConnectionError::ExceedsCapacity)
        }

        // apply the rate limit
        self.throttle_incoming_ip(addr);

        self.connection_info.inc_pending_in();
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Invoked when a previous call to [`Self::on_incoming_pending_session`] succeeded but it was
    /// rejected.
    pub(crate) fn on_incoming_pending_session_rejected_internally(&mut self) {
        self.connection_info.decr_pending_in();
    }

    /// Invoked when a pending session was closed.
    pub(crate) fn on_incoming_pending_session_gracefully_closed(&mut self) {
        self.connection_info.decr_pending_in()
    }

    /// Invoked when a pending session was closed.
    pub(crate) fn on_incoming_pending_session_dropped(
        &mut self,
        remote_addr: SocketAddr,
        err: &PendingSessionHandshakeError,
    ) {
        if err.is_fatal_protocol_error() {
            self.ban_ip(remote_addr.ip());

            if err.merits_discovery_ban() {
                self.queued_actions
                    .push_back(PeerAction::DiscoveryBanIp { ip_addr: remote_addr.ip() })
            }
        }

        self.connection_info.decr_pending_in();
    }

    /// Called when a new _incoming_ active session was established to the given peer.
    ///
    /// This will update the state of the peer if not yet tracked.
    ///
    /// If the reputation of the peer is below the `BANNED_REPUTATION` threshold, a disconnect will
    /// be scheduled.
    pub(crate) fn on_incoming_session_established(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId, addr: SocketAddr) {
        self.connection_info.decr_pending_in();

        // we only need to check the peer id here as the ip address will have been checked at
        // on_incoming_pending_session. We also check if the peer is in the backoff list here.
        if self.ban_list.is_banned_peer(&peer_id) {
            self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::DisconnectBannedIncoming { peer_id });
            return
        }

        // check if the peer is trustable or not
        let mut is_trusted = self.trusted_peer_ids.contains(&peer_id);
        if self.trusted_nodes_only && !is_trusted {
            self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::DisconnectUntrustedIncoming { peer_id });
            return
        }

        // start a new tick, so the peer is not immediately rewarded for the time since last tick
        self.tick();

        match self.peers.entry(peer_id) {
            Entry::Occupied(mut entry) => {
                let peer = entry.get_mut();
                if peer.is_banned() {
                    self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::DisconnectBannedIncoming { peer_id });
                    return
                }
                // it might be the case that we're also trying to connect to this peer at the same
                // time, so we need to adjust the state here
                if peer.state.is_pending_out() {
                    self.connection_info.decr_state(peer.state);
                }

                peer.state = PeerConnectionState::In;

                is_trusted = is_trusted || peer.is_trusted();
            }
            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
                // peer is missing in the table, we add it but mark it as to be removed after
                // disconnect, because we only know the outgoing port
                let mut peer = Peer::with_state(PeerAddr::from_tcp(addr), PeerConnectionState::In);
                peer.remove_after_disconnect = true;
                entry.insert(peer);
                self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id));
            }
        }

        let has_in_capacity = self.connection_info.has_in_capacity();
        // increment new incoming connection
        self.connection_info.inc_in();

        // disconnect the peer if we don't have capacity for more inbound connections
        if !is_trusted && !has_in_capacity {
            self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::Disconnect {
                peer_id,
                reason: Some(DisconnectReason::TooManyPeers),
            });
        }
    }

    /// Bans the peer temporarily with the configured ban timeout
    fn ban_peer(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId) {
        let mut ban_duration = self.ban_duration;
        if let Some(peer) = self.peers.get(&peer_id) {
            if peer.is_trusted() || peer.is_static() {
                // For misbehaving trusted or static peers, we provide a bit more leeway when
                // penalizing them.
                ban_duration = self.backoff_durations.low / 2;
            }
        }

        self.ban_list.ban_peer_until(peer_id, std::time::Instant::now() + ban_duration);
        self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::BanPeer { peer_id });
    }

    /// Bans the IP temporarily with the configured ban timeout
    fn ban_ip(&mut self, ip: IpAddr) {
        self.ban_list.ban_ip_until(ip, std::time::Instant::now() + self.ban_duration);
    }

    /// Bans the IP temporarily to rate limit inbound connection attempts per IP.
    fn throttle_incoming_ip(&mut self, ip: IpAddr) {
        self.ban_list
            .ban_ip_until(ip, std::time::Instant::now() + self.incoming_ip_throttle_duration);
    }

    /// Temporarily puts the peer in timeout by inserting it into the backedoff peers set
    fn backoff_peer_until(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId, until: std::time::Instant) {
        trace!(target: "net::peers", ?peer_id, "backing off");

        if let Some(peer) = self.peers.get_mut(&peer_id) {
            peer.backed_off = true;
            self.backed_off_peers.insert(peer_id, until);
        }
    }

    /// Unbans the peer
    fn unban_peer(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId) {
        self.ban_list.unban_peer(&peer_id);
        self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::UnBanPeer { peer_id });
    }

    /// Tick function to update reputation of all connected peers.
    /// Peers are rewarded with reputation increases for the time they are connected since the last
    /// tick. This is to prevent peers from being disconnected eventually due to slashed
    /// reputation because of some bad messages (most likely transaction related)
    fn tick(&mut self) {
        let now = Instant::now();
        // Determine the number of seconds since the last tick.
        // Ensuring that now is always greater than last_tick to account for issues with system
        // time.
        let secs_since_last_tick =
            if self.last_tick > now { 0 } else { (now - self.last_tick).as_secs() as i32 };
        self.last_tick = now;

        // update reputation via seconds connected
        for peer in self.peers.iter_mut().filter(|(_, peer)| peer.state.is_connected()) {
            // update reputation via seconds connected, but keep the target _around_ the default
            // reputation.
            if peer.1.reputation < DEFAULT_REPUTATION {
                peer.1.reputation += secs_since_last_tick;
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns the tracked reputation for a peer.
    pub(crate) fn get_reputation(&self, peer_id: &PeerId) -> Option<i32> {
        self.peers.get(peer_id).map(|peer| peer.reputation)
    }

    /// Apply the corresponding reputation change to the given peer.
    ///
    /// If the peer is a trusted peer, it will be exempt from reputation slashing for certain
    /// reputation changes that can be attributed to network conditions. If the peer is a
    /// trusted peer, it will also be less strict with the reputation slashing.
    pub(crate) fn apply_reputation_change(&mut self, peer_id: &PeerId, rep: ReputationChangeKind) {
        let outcome = if let Some(peer) = self.peers.get_mut(peer_id) {
            // First check if we should reset the reputation
            if rep.is_reset() {
                peer.reset_reputation()
            } else {
                let mut reputation_change = self.reputation_weights.change(rep).as_i32();
                if peer.is_trusted() || peer.is_static() {
                    // exempt trusted and static peers from reputation slashing for
                    if matches!(
                        rep,
                        ReputationChangeKind::Dropped |
                            ReputationChangeKind::BadAnnouncement |
                            ReputationChangeKind::Timeout |
                            ReputationChangeKind::AlreadySeenTransaction
                    ) {
                        return
                    }

                    // also be less strict with the reputation slashing for trusted peers
                    if reputation_change < MAX_TRUSTED_PEER_REPUTATION_CHANGE {
                        // this caps the reputation change to the maximum allowed for trusted peers
                        reputation_change = MAX_TRUSTED_PEER_REPUTATION_CHANGE;
                    }
                }
                peer.apply_reputation(reputation_change)
            }
        } else {
            return
        };

        match outcome {
            ReputationChangeOutcome::None => {}
            ReputationChangeOutcome::Ban => {
                self.ban_peer(*peer_id);
            }
            ReputationChangeOutcome::Unban => self.unban_peer(*peer_id),
            ReputationChangeOutcome::DisconnectAndBan => {
                self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::Disconnect {
                    peer_id: *peer_id,
                    reason: Some(DisconnectReason::DisconnectRequested),
                });
                self.ban_peer(*peer_id);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Gracefully disconnected a pending _outgoing_ session
    pub(crate) fn on_outgoing_pending_session_gracefully_closed(&mut self, peer_id: &PeerId) {
        if let Some(peer) = self.peers.get_mut(peer_id) {
            self.connection_info.decr_state(peer.state);
            peer.state = PeerConnectionState::Idle;
        }
    }

    /// Invoked when an _outgoing_ pending session was closed during authentication or the
    /// handshake.
    pub(crate) fn on_outgoing_pending_session_dropped(
        &mut self,
        remote_addr: &SocketAddr,
        peer_id: &PeerId,
        err: &PendingSessionHandshakeError,
    ) {
        self.on_connection_failure(remote_addr, peer_id, err, ReputationChangeKind::FailedToConnect)
    }

    /// Gracefully disconnected an active session
    pub(crate) fn on_active_session_gracefully_closed(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId) {
        match self.peers.entry(peer_id) {
            Entry::Occupied(mut entry) => {
                self.connection_info.decr_state(entry.get().state);

                if entry.get().remove_after_disconnect && !entry.get().is_trusted() {
                    // this peer should be removed from the set
                    entry.remove();
                    self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::PeerRemoved(peer_id));
                } else {
                    // reset the peer's state
                    // we reset the backoff counter since we're able to establish a successful
                    // session to that peer
                    entry.get_mut().severe_backoff_counter = 0;
                    entry.get_mut().state = PeerConnectionState::Idle;
                    return
                }
            }
            Entry::Vacant(_) => return,
        }

        self.fill_outbound_slots();
    }

    /// Called when a _pending_ outbound connection is successful.
    pub(crate) fn on_active_outgoing_established(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId) {
        if let Some(peer) = self.peers.get_mut(&peer_id) {
            self.connection_info.decr_state(peer.state);
            self.connection_info.inc_out();
            peer.state = PeerConnectionState::Out;
        }
    }

    /// Called when an _active_ session to a peer was forcefully dropped due to an error.
    ///
    /// Depending on whether the error is fatal, the peer will be removed from the peer set
    /// otherwise its reputation is slashed.
    pub(crate) fn on_active_session_dropped(
        &mut self,
        remote_addr: &SocketAddr,
        peer_id: &PeerId,
        err: &EthStreamError,
    ) {
        self.on_connection_failure(remote_addr, peer_id, err, ReputationChangeKind::Dropped)
    }

    /// Called when an attempt to create an _outgoing_ pending session failed while setting up a tcp
    /// connection.
    pub(crate) fn on_outgoing_connection_failure(
        &mut self,
        remote_addr: &SocketAddr,
        peer_id: &PeerId,
        err: &io::Error,
    ) {
        // there's a race condition where we accepted an incoming connection while we were trying to
        // connect to the same peer at the same time. if the outgoing connection failed
        // after the incoming connection was accepted, we can ignore this error
        if let Some(peer) = self.peers.get(peer_id) {
            if peer.state.is_incoming() {
                // we already have an active connection to the peer, so we can ignore this error
                return
            }
        }

        self.on_connection_failure(remote_addr, peer_id, err, ReputationChangeKind::FailedToConnect)
    }

    fn on_connection_failure(
        &mut self,
        remote_addr: &SocketAddr,
        peer_id: &PeerId,
        err: impl SessionError,
        reputation_change: ReputationChangeKind,
    ) {
        trace!(target: "net::peers", ?remote_addr, ?peer_id, %err, "handling failed connection");

        if err.is_fatal_protocol_error() {
            trace!(target: "net::peers", ?remote_addr, ?peer_id, %err, "fatal connection error");
            // remove the peer to which we can't establish a connection due to protocol related
            // issues.
            if let Entry::Occupied(mut entry) = self.peers.entry(*peer_id) {
                self.connection_info.decr_state(entry.get().state);
                // only remove if the peer is not trusted
                if entry.get().is_trusted() {
                    entry.get_mut().state = PeerConnectionState::Idle;
                } else {
                    entry.remove();
                    self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::PeerRemoved(*peer_id));
                    // If the error is caused by a peer that should be banned from discovery
                    if err.merits_discovery_ban() {
                        self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::DiscoveryBanPeerId {
                            peer_id: *peer_id,
                            ip_addr: remote_addr.ip(),
                        })
                    }
                }
            }

            // ban the peer
            self.ban_peer(*peer_id);
        } else {
            let mut backoff_until = None;
            let mut remove_peer = false;

            if let Some(peer) = self.peers.get_mut(peer_id) {
                if let Some(kind) = err.should_backoff() {
                    // Increment peer.backoff_counter
                    if kind.is_severe() {
                        peer.severe_backoff_counter = peer.severe_backoff_counter.saturating_add(1);
                    }

                    let backoff_time =
                        self.backoff_durations.backoff_until(kind, peer.severe_backoff_counter);

                    // The peer has signaled that it is currently unable to process any more
                    // connections, so we will hold off on attempting any new connections for a
                    // while
                    backoff_until = Some(backoff_time);
                } else {
                    // If the error was not a backoff error, we reduce the peer's reputation
                    let reputation_change = self.reputation_weights.change(reputation_change);
                    peer.reputation = peer.reputation.saturating_add(reputation_change.as_i32());
                };

                self.connection_info.decr_state(peer.state);
                peer.state = PeerConnectionState::Idle;

                if peer.severe_backoff_counter > self.max_backoff_count && !peer.is_trusted() {
                    // mark peer for removal if it has been backoff too many times and is _not_
                    // trusted
                    remove_peer = true;
                }
            }

            // remove peer if it has been marked for removal
            if remove_peer {
                let (peer_id, _) = self.peers.remove_entry(peer_id).expect("peer must exist");
                self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::PeerRemoved(peer_id));
            } else if let Some(backoff_until) = backoff_until {
                // otherwise, backoff the peer if marked as such
                self.backoff_peer_until(*peer_id, backoff_until);
            }
        }

        self.fill_outbound_slots();
    }

    /// Invoked if a pending session was disconnected because there's already a connection to the
    /// peer.
    ///
    /// If the session was an outgoing connection, this means that the peer initiated a connection
    /// to us at the same time and this connection is already established.
    pub(crate) fn on_already_connected(&mut self, direction: Direction) {
        match direction {
            Direction::Incoming => {
                // need to decrement the ingoing counter
                self.connection_info.decr_pending_in();
            }
            Direction::Outgoing(_) => {
                // cleanup is handled when the incoming active session is activated in
                // `on_incoming_session_established`
            }
        }
    }

    /// Called as follow-up for a discovered peer.
    ///
    /// The [`ForkId`] is retrieved from an ENR record that the peer announces over the discovery
    /// protocol
    pub(crate) fn set_discovered_fork_id(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId, fork_id: ForkId) {
        if let Some(peer) = self.peers.get_mut(&peer_id) {
            trace!(target: "net::peers", ?peer_id, ?fork_id, "set discovered fork id");
            peer.fork_id = Some(fork_id);
        }
    }

    /// Called for a newly discovered peer.
    ///
    /// If the peer already exists, then the address, kind and `fork_id` will be updated.
    pub(crate) fn add_peer(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId, addr: PeerAddr, fork_id: Option<ForkId>) {
        self.add_peer_kind(peer_id, PeerKind::Basic, addr, fork_id)
    }

    /// Marks the given peer as trusted.
    pub(crate) fn add_trusted_peer_id(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId) {
        self.trusted_peer_ids.insert(peer_id);
    }

    /// Called for a newly discovered trusted peer.
    ///
    /// If the peer already exists, then the address and kind will be updated.
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub(crate) fn add_trusted_peer(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId, addr: PeerAddr) {
        self.add_peer_kind(peer_id, PeerKind::Trusted, addr, None)
    }

    /// Called for a newly discovered peer.
    ///
    /// If the peer already exists, then the address, kind and `fork_id` will be updated.
    pub(crate) fn add_peer_kind(
        &mut self,
        peer_id: PeerId,
        kind: PeerKind,
        addr: PeerAddr,
        fork_id: Option<ForkId>,
    ) {
        if self.ban_list.is_banned(&peer_id, &addr.tcp().ip()) {
            return
        }

        match self.peers.entry(peer_id) {
            Entry::Occupied(mut entry) => {
                let peer = entry.get_mut();
                peer.kind = kind;
                peer.fork_id = fork_id;
                peer.addr = addr;

                if peer.state.is_incoming() {
                    // now that we have an actual discovered address, for that peer and not just the
                    // ip of the incoming connection, we don't need to remove the peer after
                    // disconnecting, See `on_incoming_session_established`
                    peer.remove_after_disconnect = false;
                }
            }
            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
                trace!(target: "net::peers", ?peer_id, addr=?addr.tcp(), "discovered new node");
                let mut peer = Peer::with_kind(addr, kind);
                peer.fork_id = fork_id;
                entry.insert(peer);
                self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id));
            }
        }

        if kind.is_trusted() {
            self.trusted_peer_ids.insert(peer_id);
        }
    }

    /// Removes the tracked node from the set.
    pub(crate) fn remove_peer(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId) {
        let Entry::Occupied(entry) = self.peers.entry(peer_id) else { return };
        if entry.get().is_trusted() {
            return
        }
        let mut peer = entry.remove();

        trace!(target: "net::peers", ?peer_id, "remove discovered node");
        self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::PeerRemoved(peer_id));

        if peer.state.is_connected() {
            trace!(target: "net::peers", ?peer_id, "disconnecting on remove from discovery");
            // we terminate the active session here, but only remove the peer after the session
            // was disconnected, this prevents the case where the session is scheduled for
            // disconnect but the node is immediately rediscovered, See also
            // [`Self::on_disconnected()`]
            peer.remove_after_disconnect = true;
            peer.state.disconnect();
            self.peers.insert(peer_id, peer);
            self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::Disconnect {
                peer_id,
                reason: Some(DisconnectReason::DisconnectRequested),
            })
        }
    }

    /// Connect to the given peer. NOTE: if the maximum number out outbound sessions is reached,
    /// this won't do anything. See `reth_network::SessionManager::dial_outbound`.
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub(crate) fn add_and_connect(
        &mut self,
        peer_id: PeerId,
        addr: PeerAddr,
        fork_id: Option<ForkId>,
    ) {
        self.add_and_connect_kind(peer_id, PeerKind::Basic, addr, fork_id)
    }

    ///  Connects a peer and its address with the given kind.
    pub(crate) fn add_and_connect_kind(
        &mut self,
        peer_id: PeerId,
        kind: PeerKind,
        addr: PeerAddr,
        fork_id: Option<ForkId>,
    ) {
        if self.ban_list.is_banned(&peer_id, &addr.tcp().ip()) {
            return
        }

        match self.peers.entry(peer_id) {
            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
                trace!(target: "net::peers", ?peer_id, addr=?addr.tcp(), "connects new node");
                let mut peer = Peer::with_kind(addr, kind);
                peer.state = PeerConnectionState::PendingOut;
                peer.fork_id = fork_id;
                entry.insert(peer);
                self.queued_actions
                    .push_back(PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr: addr.tcp() });
            }
            _ => return,
        }

        if kind.is_trusted() {
            self.trusted_peer_ids.insert(peer_id);
        }
    }

    /// Removes the tracked node from the trusted set.
    pub(crate) fn remove_peer_from_trusted_set(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId) {
        let Entry::Occupied(mut entry) = self.peers.entry(peer_id) else { return };
        if !entry.get().is_trusted() {
            return
        }

        let peer = entry.get_mut();
        peer.kind = PeerKind::Basic;

        self.trusted_peer_ids.remove(&peer_id);
    }

    /// Returns the idle peer with the highest reputation.
    ///
    /// Peers that are `trusted` or `static`, see [`PeerKind`], are prioritized as long as they're
    /// not currently marked as banned or backed off.
    ///
    /// If `trusted_nodes_only` is enabled, see [`PeersConfig`], then this will only consider
    /// `trusted` peers.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if no peer is available.
    fn best_unconnected(&mut self) -> Option<(PeerId, &mut Peer)> {
        let mut unconnected = self.peers.iter_mut().filter(|(_, peer)| {
            !peer.is_backed_off() &&
                !peer.is_banned() &&
                peer.state.is_unconnected() &&
                (!self.trusted_nodes_only || peer.is_trusted())
        });

        // keep track of the best peer, if there's one
        let mut best_peer = unconnected.next()?;

        if best_peer.1.is_trusted() || best_peer.1.is_static() {
            return Some((*best_peer.0, best_peer.1))
        }

        for maybe_better in unconnected {
            // if the peer is trusted or static, return it immediately
            if maybe_better.1.is_trusted() || maybe_better.1.is_static() {
                return Some((*maybe_better.0, maybe_better.1))
            }

            // otherwise we keep track of the best peer using the reputation
            if maybe_better.1.reputation > best_peer.1.reputation {
                best_peer = maybe_better;
            }
        }
        Some((*best_peer.0, best_peer.1))
    }

    /// If there's capacity for new outbound connections, this will queue new
    /// [`PeerAction::Connect`] actions.
    ///
    /// New connections are only initiated, if slots are available and appropriate peers are
    /// available.
    fn fill_outbound_slots(&mut self) {
        self.tick();

        if !self.net_connection_state.is_active() {
            // nothing to fill
            return
        }

        // as long as there are slots available fill them with the best peers
        while self.connection_info.has_out_capacity() {
            let action = {
                let (peer_id, peer) = match self.best_unconnected() {
                    Some(peer) => peer,
                    _ => break,
                };

                trace!(target: "net::peers", ?peer_id, addr=?peer.addr, "schedule outbound connection");

                peer.state = PeerConnectionState::PendingOut;
                PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr: peer.addr.tcp() }
            };

            self.connection_info.inc_pending_out();

            self.queued_actions.push_back(action);
        }
    }

    /// Keeps track of network state changes.
    pub fn on_network_state_change(&mut self, state: NetworkConnectionState) {
        self.net_connection_state = state;
    }

    /// Returns the current network connection state.
    pub const fn connection_state(&self) -> &NetworkConnectionState {
        &self.net_connection_state
    }

    /// Sets `net_connection_state` to `ShuttingDown`.
    pub fn on_shutdown(&mut self) {
        self.net_connection_state = NetworkConnectionState::ShuttingDown;
    }

    /// Advances the state.
    ///
    /// Event hooks invoked externally may trigger a new [`PeerAction`] that are buffered until
    /// [`PeersManager`] is polled.
    pub fn poll(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<PeerAction> {
        loop {
            // drain buffered actions
            if let Some(action) = self.queued_actions.pop_front() {
                return Poll::Ready(action)
            }

            while let Poll::Ready(Some(cmd)) = self.handle_rx.poll_next_unpin(cx) {
                match cmd {
                    PeerCommand::Add(peer_id, addr) => {
                        self.add_peer(peer_id, PeerAddr::from_tcp(addr), None);
                    }
                    PeerCommand::Remove(peer) => self.remove_peer(peer),
                    PeerCommand::ReputationChange(peer_id, rep) => {
                        self.apply_reputation_change(&peer_id, rep)
                    }
                    PeerCommand::GetPeer(peer, tx) => {
                        let _ = tx.send(self.peers.get(&peer).cloned());
                    }
                    PeerCommand::GetPeers(tx) => {
                        let _ = tx.send(self.iter_peers().collect());
                    }
                }
            }

            if self.release_interval.poll_tick(cx).is_ready() {
                let now = std::time::Instant::now();
                let (_, unbanned_peers) = self.ban_list.evict(now);

                for peer_id in unbanned_peers {
                    if let Some(peer) = self.peers.get_mut(&peer_id) {
                        peer.unban();
                        self.queued_actions.push_back(PeerAction::UnBanPeer { peer_id });
                    }
                }

                // clear the backoff list of expired backoffs, and mark the relevant peers as
                // ready to be dialed
                self.backed_off_peers.retain(|peer_id, until| {
                    if now > *until {
                        if let Some(peer) = self.peers.get_mut(peer_id) {
                            peer.backed_off = false;
                        }
                        return false
                    }
                    true
                })
            }

            while self.refill_slots_interval.poll_tick(cx).is_ready() {
                self.fill_outbound_slots();
            }

            if self.queued_actions.is_empty() {
                return Poll::Pending
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Default for PeersManager {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new(Default::default())
    }
}

/// Tracks stats about connected nodes
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
pub struct ConnectionInfo {
    /// Counter for currently occupied slots for active outbound connections.
    num_outbound: usize,
    /// Counter for pending outbound connections.
    num_pending_out: usize,
    /// Counter for currently occupied slots for active inbound connections.
    num_inbound: usize,
    /// Counter for pending inbound connections.
    num_pending_in: usize,
    /// Restrictions on number of connections.
    config: ConnectionsConfig,
}

// === impl ConnectionInfo ===

impl ConnectionInfo {
    /// Returns a new [`ConnectionInfo`] with the given config.
    const fn new(config: ConnectionsConfig) -> Self {
        Self { config, num_outbound: 0, num_pending_out: 0, num_inbound: 0, num_pending_in: 0 }
    }

    ///  Returns `true` if there's still capacity to perform an outgoing connection.
    const fn has_out_capacity(&self) -> bool {
        self.num_pending_out < self.config.max_concurrent_outbound_dials &&
            self.num_outbound < self.config.max_outbound
    }

    ///  Returns `true` if there's still capacity to accept a new incoming connection.
    const fn has_in_capacity(&self) -> bool {
        self.num_inbound < self.config.max_inbound
    }

    /// Returns `true` if we can handle an additional incoming pending connection.
    const fn has_in_pending_capacity(&self) -> bool {
        self.num_pending_in < self.config.max_inbound
    }

    fn decr_state(&mut self, state: PeerConnectionState) {
        match state {
            PeerConnectionState::Idle => {}
            PeerConnectionState::DisconnectingIn | PeerConnectionState::In => self.decr_in(),
            PeerConnectionState::DisconnectingOut | PeerConnectionState::Out => self.decr_out(),
            PeerConnectionState::PendingOut => self.decr_pending_out(),
        }
    }

    fn decr_out(&mut self) {
        self.num_outbound -= 1;
    }

    fn inc_out(&mut self) {
        self.num_outbound += 1;
    }

    fn inc_pending_out(&mut self) {
        self.num_pending_out += 1;
    }

    fn inc_in(&mut self) {
        self.num_inbound += 1;
    }

    fn inc_pending_in(&mut self) {
        self.num_pending_in += 1;
    }

    fn decr_in(&mut self) {
        self.num_inbound -= 1;
    }

    fn decr_pending_out(&mut self) {
        self.num_pending_out -= 1;
    }

    fn decr_pending_in(&mut self) {
        self.num_pending_in -= 1;
    }
}

/// Actions the peer manager can trigger.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum PeerAction {
    /// Start a new connection to a peer.
    Connect {
        /// The peer to connect to.
        peer_id: PeerId,
        /// Where to reach the node
        remote_addr: SocketAddr,
    },
    /// Disconnect an existing connection.
    Disconnect {
        /// The peer ID of the established connection.
        peer_id: PeerId,
        /// An optional reason for the disconnect.
        reason: Option<DisconnectReason>,
    },
    /// Disconnect an existing incoming connection, because the peers reputation is below the
    /// banned threshold or is on the [`BanList`]
    DisconnectBannedIncoming {
        /// The peer ID of the established connection.
        peer_id: PeerId,
    },
    /// Disconnect an untrusted incoming connection when trust-node-only is enabled.
    DisconnectUntrustedIncoming {
        /// The peer ID.
        peer_id: PeerId,
    },
    /// Ban the peer in discovery.
    DiscoveryBanPeerId {
        /// The peer ID.
        peer_id: PeerId,
        /// The IP address.
        ip_addr: IpAddr,
    },
    /// Ban the IP in discovery.
    DiscoveryBanIp {
        /// The IP address.
        ip_addr: IpAddr,
    },
    /// Ban the peer temporarily
    BanPeer {
        /// The peer ID.
        peer_id: PeerId,
    },
    /// Unban the peer temporarily
    UnBanPeer {
        /// The peer ID.
        peer_id: PeerId,
    },
    /// Emit peerAdded event
    PeerAdded(PeerId),
    /// Emit peerRemoved event
    PeerRemoved(PeerId),
}

/// Error thrown when a incoming connection is rejected right away
#[derive(Debug, Error, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum InboundConnectionError {
    /// The remote's ip address is banned
    IpBanned,
    /// No capacity for new inbound connections
    ExceedsCapacity,
}

impl Display for InboundConnectionError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{self:?}")
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use alloy_primitives::B512;
    use reth_eth_wire::{
        errors::{EthHandshakeError, EthStreamError, P2PHandshakeError, P2PStreamError},
        DisconnectReason,
    };
    use reth_net_banlist::BanList;
    use reth_network_api::Direction;
    use reth_network_peers::{PeerId, TrustedPeer};
    use reth_network_types::{
        peers::reputation::DEFAULT_REPUTATION, BackoffKind, ReputationChangeKind,
    };
    use std::{
        future::{poll_fn, Future},
        io,
        net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr},
        pin::Pin,
        task::{Context, Poll},
        time::Duration,
    };
    use url::Host;

    use super::PeersManager;
    use crate::{
        error::SessionError,
        peers::{
            ConnectionInfo, InboundConnectionError, PeerAction, PeerAddr, PeerBackoffDurations,
            PeerConnectionState,
        },
        session::PendingSessionHandshakeError,
        PeersConfig,
    };

    struct PeerActionFuture<'a> {
        peers: &'a mut PeersManager,
    }

    impl Future for PeerActionFuture<'_> {
        type Output = PeerAction;

        fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
            self.get_mut().peers.poll(cx)
        }
    }

    macro_rules! event {
        ($peers:expr) => {
            PeerActionFuture { peers: &mut $peers }.await
        };
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_insert() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, socket_addr);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        let (record, _) = peers.peer_by_id(peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(record.tcp_addr(), socket_addr);
        assert_eq!(record.udp_addr(), socket_addr);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_insert_udp() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let tcp_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let udp_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8009);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::new(tcp_addr, Some(udp_addr)), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, tcp_addr);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        let (record, _) = peers.peer_by_id(peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(record.tcp_addr(), tcp_addr);
        assert_eq!(record.udp_addr(), udp_addr);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_ban() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.ban_peer(peer);
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::BanPeer { peer_id } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_unban() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.ban_peer(peer);
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::BanPeer { peer_id } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        peers.unban_peer(peer);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::UnBanPeer { peer_id } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_backoff_on_busy() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);

        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(PeersConfig::test());
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, .. } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        peers.on_active_session_dropped(
            &socket_addr,
            &peer,
            &EthStreamError::P2PStreamError(P2PStreamError::Disconnected(
                DisconnectReason::TooManyPeers,
            )),
        );

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        assert!(peers.backed_off_peers.contains_key(&peer));
        assert!(peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap().is_backed_off());

        tokio::time::sleep(peers.backoff_durations.low).await;

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, .. } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        assert!(!peers.backed_off_peers.contains_key(&peer));
        assert!(!peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap().is_backed_off());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_backoff_on_no_response() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);

        let backoff_durations = PeerBackoffDurations::test();
        let config = PeersConfig { backoff_durations, ..PeersConfig::test() };
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config);
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, .. } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        peers.on_outgoing_pending_session_dropped(
            &socket_addr,
            &peer,
            &PendingSessionHandshakeError::Eth(EthStreamError::EthHandshakeError(
                EthHandshakeError::NoResponse,
            )),
        );

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        assert!(peers.backed_off_peers.contains_key(&peer));
        assert!(peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap().is_backed_off());

        tokio::time::sleep(backoff_durations.high).await;

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, .. } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        assert!(!peers.backed_off_peers.contains_key(&peer));
        assert!(!peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap().is_backed_off());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_low_backoff() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let config = PeersConfig::test();
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config);
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);
        let peer_struct = peers.peers.get_mut(&peer).unwrap();

        let backoff_timestamp = peers
            .backoff_durations
            .backoff_until(BackoffKind::Low, peer_struct.severe_backoff_counter);

        let expected = std::time::Instant::now() + peers.backoff_durations.low;
        assert!(backoff_timestamp <= expected);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_multiple_backoff_calculations() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let config = PeersConfig::default();
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config);
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);
        let peer_struct = peers.peers.get_mut(&peer).unwrap();

        // Simulate a peer that was already backed off once
        peer_struct.severe_backoff_counter = 1;

        let now = std::time::Instant::now();

        // Simulate the increment that happens in on_connection_failure
        peer_struct.severe_backoff_counter += 1;
        // Get official backoff time
        let backoff_time = peers
            .backoff_durations
            .backoff_until(BackoffKind::High, peer_struct.severe_backoff_counter);

        // Duration of the backoff should be 2 * 15 minutes = 30 minutes
        let backoff_duration = std::time::Duration::new(30 * 60, 0);

        // We can't use assert_eq! since there is a very small diff in the nano secs
        // Usually it is 1800s != 1799.9999996s
        assert!(backoff_time.duration_since(now) > backoff_duration);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_ban_on_active_drop() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, .. } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        peers.on_active_session_dropped(
            &socket_addr,
            &peer,
            &EthStreamError::P2PStreamError(P2PStreamError::Disconnected(
                DisconnectReason::UselessPeer,
            )),
        );

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerRemoved(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::BanPeer { peer_id } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        assert!(!peers.peers.contains_key(&peer));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_remove_on_max_backoff_count() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let config = PeersConfig::test();
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config.clone());
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);
        let peer_struct = peers.peers.get_mut(&peer).unwrap();

        // Simulate a peer that was already backed off once
        peer_struct.severe_backoff_counter = config.max_backoff_count;

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, .. } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        peers.on_outgoing_pending_session_dropped(
            &socket_addr,
            &peer,
            &PendingSessionHandshakeError::Eth(
                io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionRefused, "peer unreachable").into(),
            ),
        );

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerRemoved(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        assert!(!peers.peers.contains_key(&peer));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_ban_on_pending_drop() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, .. } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        peers.on_outgoing_pending_session_dropped(
            &socket_addr,
            &peer,
            &PendingSessionHandshakeError::Eth(EthStreamError::P2PStreamError(
                P2PStreamError::Disconnected(DisconnectReason::UselessPeer),
            )),
        );

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerRemoved(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::BanPeer { peer_id } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        assert!(!peers.peers.contains_key(&peer));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_internally_closed_incoming() {
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();

        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 1);
        peers.on_incoming_pending_session_rejected_internally();
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_reject_incoming_at_pending_capacity() {
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();

        for count in 1..=peers.connection_info.config.max_inbound {
            let socket_addr =
                SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, count as u8)), 8008);
            assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
            assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, count);
        }
        assert!(peers.connection_info.has_in_capacity());
        assert!(!peers.connection_info.has_in_pending_capacity());

        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 100)), 8008);
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_err());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_reject_incoming_at_pending_capacity_trusted_peers() {
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(PeersConfig::test().with_max_inbound(2));
        let trusted = PeerId::random();
        peers.add_trusted_peer_id(trusted);

        // connect the trusted peer
        let addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 0)), 8008);
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(addr.ip()).is_ok());
        peers.on_incoming_session_established(trusted, addr);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(id) => {
                assert_eq!(id, trusted);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        // saturate the remaining inbound slots with untrusted peers
        let mut connected_untrusted_peer_ids = Vec::new();
        for i in 0..(peers.connection_info.config.max_inbound - 1) {
            let addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, (i + 1) as u8)), 8008);
            assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(addr.ip()).is_ok());
            let peer_id = PeerId::random();
            peers.on_incoming_session_established(peer_id, addr);
            connected_untrusted_peer_ids.push(peer_id);

            match event!(peers) {
                PeerAction::PeerAdded(id) => {
                    assert_eq!(id, peer_id);
                }
                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
        }

        let mut pending_addrs = Vec::new();

        // saturate available slots
        for i in 0..2 {
            let socket_addr =
                SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, (i + 10) as u8)), 8008);
            assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());

            pending_addrs.push(socket_addr);
        }

        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 2);

        // try to handle additional incoming connections at capacity
        for i in 0..2 {
            let socket_addr =
                SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, (i + 20) as u8)), 8008);
            assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_err());
        }

        let err = PendingSessionHandshakeError::Eth(EthStreamError::P2PStreamError(
            P2PStreamError::HandshakeError(P2PHandshakeError::Disconnected(
                DisconnectReason::UselessPeer,
            )),
        ));

        // Remove all pending peers
        for pending_addr in pending_addrs {
            peers.on_incoming_pending_session_dropped(pending_addr, &err);
        }

        println!("num_pending_in: {}", peers.connection_info.num_pending_in);

        println!(
            "num_inbound: {}, has_in_capacity: {}",
            peers.connection_info.num_inbound,
            peers.connection_info.has_in_capacity()
        );

        // disconnect a connected peer
        peers.on_active_session_gracefully_closed(connected_untrusted_peer_ids[0]);

        println!(
            "num_inbound: {}, has_in_capacity: {}",
            peers.connection_info.num_inbound,
            peers.connection_info.has_in_capacity()
        );

        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 99)), 8008);
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_closed_incoming() {
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();

        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 1);
        peers.on_incoming_pending_session_gracefully_closed();
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_dropped_incoming() {
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(1, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let ban_duration = Duration::from_millis(500);
        let config = PeersConfig { ban_duration, ..PeersConfig::test() };
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config);

        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 1);
        let err = PendingSessionHandshakeError::Eth(EthStreamError::P2PStreamError(
            P2PStreamError::HandshakeError(P2PHandshakeError::Disconnected(
                DisconnectReason::UselessPeer,
            )),
        ));

        peers.on_incoming_pending_session_dropped(socket_addr, &err);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 0);
        assert!(peers.ban_list.is_banned_ip(&socket_addr.ip()));

        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_err());

        // unbanned after timeout
        tokio::time::sleep(ban_duration).await;

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            let _ = peers.poll(cx);
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        assert!(!peers.ban_list.is_banned_ip(&socket_addr.ip()));
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_reputation_change_connected() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, socket_addr);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        let p = peers.peers.get_mut(&peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(p.state, PeerConnectionState::PendingOut);

        peers.apply_reputation_change(&peer, ReputationChangeKind::BadProtocol);

        let p = peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(p.state, PeerConnectionState::PendingOut);
        assert!(p.is_banned());

        peers.on_active_session_gracefully_closed(peer);

        let p = peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(p.state, PeerConnectionState::Idle);
        assert!(p.is_banned());

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Disconnect { peer_id, .. } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn accept_incoming_trusted_unknown_peer_address() {
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 99)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(PeersConfig::test().with_max_inbound(2));
        // try to connect trusted peer
        let trusted = PeerId::random();
        peers.add_trusted_peer_id(trusted);

        // saturate the inbound slots
        for i in 0..peers.connection_info.config.max_inbound {
            let addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, i as u8)), 8008);
            assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
            let peer_id = PeerId::random();
            peers.on_incoming_session_established(peer_id, addr);

            match event!(peers) {
                PeerAction::PeerAdded(id) => {
                    assert_eq!(id, peer_id);
                }
                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
        }

        // try to connect untrusted peer
        let untrusted = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 99)), 8008);
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
        peers.on_incoming_session_established(untrusted, socket_addr);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(id) => {
                assert_eq!(id, untrusted);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Disconnect { peer_id, reason } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, untrusted);
                assert_eq!(reason, Some(DisconnectReason::TooManyPeers));
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 100)), 8008);
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
        peers.on_incoming_session_established(trusted, socket_addr);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(id) => {
                assert_eq!(id, trusted);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        let peer = peers.peers.get(&trusted).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(peer.state, PeerConnectionState::In);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_already_connected() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();

        // Attempt to establish an incoming session, expecting `num_pending_in` to increase by 1
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 1);

        // Establish a session with the peer, expecting the peer to be added and the `num_inbound`
        // to increase by 1
        peers.on_incoming_session_established(peer, socket_addr);
        let p = peers.peers.get_mut(&peer).expect("peer not found");
        assert_eq!(p.addr.tcp(), socket_addr);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 0);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_inbound, 1);

        // Attempt to establish another incoming session, expecting the `num_pending_in` to increase
        // by 1
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 1);

        // Simulate a rejection due to an already established connection, expecting the
        // `num_pending_in` to decrease by 1. The peer should remain connected and the `num_inbound`
        // should not be changed.
        peers.on_already_connected(Direction::Incoming);

        let p = peers.peers.get_mut(&peer).expect("peer not found");
        assert_eq!(p.addr.tcp(), socket_addr);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 0);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_inbound, 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_reputation_change_trusted_peer() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.add_trusted_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr));

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, socket_addr);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        assert_eq!(peers.peers.get_mut(&peer).unwrap().state, PeerConnectionState::PendingOut);
        peers.on_active_outgoing_established(peer);
        assert_eq!(peers.peers.get_mut(&peer).unwrap().state, PeerConnectionState::Out);

        peers.apply_reputation_change(&peer, ReputationChangeKind::BadMessage);

        {
            let p = peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(p.state, PeerConnectionState::Out);
            // not banned yet
            assert!(!p.is_banned());
        }

        // ensure peer is banned eventually
        loop {
            peers.apply_reputation_change(&peer, ReputationChangeKind::BadMessage);

            let p = peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap();
            if p.is_banned() {
                break
            }
        }

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Disconnect { peer_id, .. } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_reputation_management() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);
        assert_eq!(peers.get_reputation(&peer), Some(0));

        peers.apply_reputation_change(&peer, ReputationChangeKind::Other(1024));
        assert_eq!(peers.get_reputation(&peer), Some(1024));

        peers.apply_reputation_change(&peer, ReputationChangeKind::Reset);
        assert_eq!(peers.get_reputation(&peer), Some(0));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_remove_discovered_active() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, socket_addr);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        let p = peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(p.state, PeerConnectionState::PendingOut);

        peers.remove_peer(peer);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerRemoved(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Disconnect { peer_id, .. } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        let p = peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(p.state, PeerConnectionState::PendingOut);

        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);
        let p = peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(p.state, PeerConnectionState::PendingOut);

        peers.on_active_session_gracefully_closed(peer);
        assert!(!peers.peers.contains_key(&peer));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_fatal_outgoing_connection_error_trusted() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let config = PeersConfig::test()
            .with_trusted_nodes(vec![TrustedPeer {
                host: Host::Ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)),
                tcp_port: 8008,
                udp_port: 8008,
                id: peer,
            }])
            .with_trusted_nodes_only(true);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config);
        let socket_addr = peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap().addr.tcp();

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, socket_addr);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        let p = peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(p.state, PeerConnectionState::PendingOut);

        assert_eq!(peers.num_outbound_connections(), 0);

        let err = PendingSessionHandshakeError::Eth(EthStreamError::EthHandshakeError(
            EthHandshakeError::NonStatusMessageInHandshake,
        ));
        assert!(err.is_fatal_protocol_error());

        peers.on_outgoing_pending_session_dropped(&socket_addr, &peer, &err);
        assert_eq!(peers.num_outbound_connections(), 0);

        // try tmp ban peer
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::BanPeer { peer_id } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            err => unreachable!("{err:?}"),
        }

        // ensure we still have trusted peer
        assert!(peers.peers.contains_key(&peer));

        // await for the ban to expire
        tokio::time::sleep(peers.backoff_durations.medium).await;

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, socket_addr);
            }
            err => unreachable!("{err:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_outgoing_connection_error() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, socket_addr);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        let p = peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(p.state, PeerConnectionState::PendingOut);

        assert_eq!(peers.num_outbound_connections(), 0);

        peers.on_outgoing_connection_failure(
            &socket_addr,
            &peer,
            &io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionRefused, ""),
        );

        assert_eq!(peers.num_outbound_connections(), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_outgoing_connection_gracefully_closed() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, socket_addr);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        let p = peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(p.state, PeerConnectionState::PendingOut);

        assert_eq!(peers.num_outbound_connections(), 0);

        peers.on_outgoing_pending_session_gracefully_closed(&peer);

        assert_eq!(peers.num_outbound_connections(), 0);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_out, 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_discovery_ban_list() {
        let ip = IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2));
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(ip, 8008);
        let ban_list = BanList::new(vec![], vec![ip]);
        let config = PeersConfig::default().with_ban_list(ban_list);
        let mut peer_manager = PeersManager::new(config);
        peer_manager.add_peer(B512::default(), PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        assert!(peer_manager.peers.is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_on_pending_ban_list() {
        let ip = IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2));
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(ip, 8008);
        let ban_list = BanList::new(vec![], vec![ip]);
        let config = PeersConfig::test().with_ban_list(ban_list);
        let mut peer_manager = PeersManager::new(config);
        let a = peer_manager.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip());
        // because we have no active peers this should be fine for testings
        match a {
            Ok(_) => panic!(),
            Err(err) => match err {
                InboundConnectionError::IpBanned => {
                    assert_eq!(peer_manager.connection_info.num_pending_in, 0)
                }
                _ => unreachable!(),
            },
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_on_active_inbound_ban_list() {
        let ip = IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2));
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(ip, 8008);
        let given_peer_id = PeerId::random();
        let ban_list = BanList::new(vec![given_peer_id], vec![]);
        let config = PeersConfig::test().with_ban_list(ban_list);
        let mut peer_manager = PeersManager::new(config);
        assert!(peer_manager.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
        // non-trusted nodes should also increase pending_in
        assert_eq!(peer_manager.connection_info.num_pending_in, 1);
        peer_manager.on_incoming_session_established(given_peer_id, socket_addr);
        // after the connection is established, the peer should be removed, the num_pending_in
        // should be decreased, and the num_inbound should not be increased
        assert_eq!(peer_manager.connection_info.num_pending_in, 0);
        assert_eq!(peer_manager.connection_info.num_inbound, 0);

        let Some(PeerAction::DisconnectBannedIncoming { peer_id }) =
            peer_manager.queued_actions.pop_front()
        else {
            panic!()
        };

        assert_eq!(peer_id, given_peer_id)
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_connection_limits() {
        let mut info = ConnectionInfo::default();
        info.inc_in();
        assert_eq!(info.num_inbound, 1);
        assert_eq!(info.num_outbound, 0);
        assert!(info.has_in_capacity());

        info.decr_in();
        assert_eq!(info.num_inbound, 0);
        assert_eq!(info.num_outbound, 0);

        info.inc_out();
        assert_eq!(info.num_inbound, 0);
        assert_eq!(info.num_outbound, 1);
        assert!(info.has_out_capacity());

        info.decr_out();
        assert_eq!(info.num_inbound, 0);
        assert_eq!(info.num_outbound, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_connection_peer_state() {
        let mut info = ConnectionInfo::default();
        info.inc_in();

        info.decr_state(PeerConnectionState::In);
        assert_eq!(info.num_inbound, 0);
        assert_eq!(info.num_outbound, 0);

        info.inc_out();

        info.decr_state(PeerConnectionState::Out);
        assert_eq!(info.num_inbound, 0);
        assert_eq!(info.num_outbound, 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_trusted_peers_are_prioritized() {
        let trusted_peer = PeerId::random();
        let trusted_sock = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let config = PeersConfig::test().with_trusted_nodes(vec![TrustedPeer {
            host: Host::Ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)),
            tcp_port: 8008,
            udp_port: 8008,
            id: trusted_peer,
        }]);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config);

        let basic_peer = PeerId::random();
        let basic_sock = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8009);
        peers.add_peer(basic_peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(basic_sock), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, basic_peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, trusted_peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, trusted_sock);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, basic_peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, basic_sock);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_connect_trusted_nodes_only() {
        let trusted_peer = PeerId::random();
        let trusted_sock = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let config = PeersConfig::test()
            .with_trusted_nodes(vec![TrustedPeer {
                host: Host::Ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)),
                tcp_port: 8008,
                udp_port: 8008,
                id: trusted_peer,
            }])
            .with_trusted_nodes_only(true);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config);

        let basic_peer = PeerId::random();
        let basic_sock = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8009);
        peers.add_peer(basic_peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(basic_sock), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, basic_peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, trusted_peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, trusted_sock);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_incoming_with_trusted_nodes_only() {
        let trusted_peer = PeerId::random();
        let config = PeersConfig::test()
            .with_trusted_nodes(vec![TrustedPeer {
                host: Host::Ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)),
                tcp_port: 8008,
                udp_port: 8008,
                id: trusted_peer,
            }])
            .with_trusted_nodes_only(true);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config);

        let basic_peer = PeerId::random();
        let basic_sock = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8009);
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(basic_sock.ip()).is_ok());
        // non-trusted nodes should also increase pending_in
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 1);
        peers.on_incoming_session_established(basic_peer, basic_sock);
        // after the connection is established, the peer should be removed, the num_pending_in
        // should be decreased, and the num_inbound mut not be increased
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 0);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_inbound, 0);

        let Some(PeerAction::DisconnectUntrustedIncoming { peer_id }) =
            peers.queued_actions.pop_front()
        else {
            panic!()
        };
        assert_eq!(basic_peer, peer_id);
        assert!(!peers.peers.contains_key(&basic_peer));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_incoming_without_trusted_nodes_only() {
        let trusted_peer = PeerId::random();
        let config = PeersConfig::test()
            .with_trusted_nodes(vec![TrustedPeer {
                host: Host::Ipv4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)),
                tcp_port: 8008,
                udp_port: 8008,
                id: trusted_peer,
            }])
            .with_trusted_nodes_only(false);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config);

        let basic_peer = PeerId::random();
        let basic_sock = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8009);
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(basic_sock.ip()).is_ok());

        // non-trusted nodes should also increase pending_in
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 1);
        peers.on_incoming_session_established(basic_peer, basic_sock);
        // after the connection is established, the peer should be removed, the num_pending_in
        // should be decreased, and the num_inbound must be increased
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 0);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_inbound, 1);
        assert!(peers.peers.contains_key(&basic_peer));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_incoming_at_capacity() {
        let mut config = PeersConfig::test();
        config.connection_info.max_inbound = 1;
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config);

        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8009);
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(addr.ip()).is_ok());

        peers.on_incoming_session_established(peer, addr);

        let addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8009);
        assert_eq!(
            peers.on_incoming_pending_session(addr.ip()).unwrap_err(),
            InboundConnectionError::ExceedsCapacity
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_incoming_rate_limit() {
        let config = PeersConfig {
            incoming_ip_throttle_duration: Duration::from_millis(100),
            ..PeersConfig::test()
        };
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config);

        let addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(168, 0, 1, 2)), 8009);
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(addr.ip()).is_ok());
        assert_eq!(
            peers.on_incoming_pending_session(addr.ip()).unwrap_err(),
            InboundConnectionError::IpBanned
        );

        peers.release_interval.reset_immediately();
        tokio::time::sleep(peers.incoming_ip_throttle_duration).await;

        // await unban
        poll_fn(|cx| loop {
            if peers.poll(cx).is_pending() {
                return Poll::Ready(());
            }
        })
        .await;

        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(addr.ip()).is_ok());
        assert_eq!(
            peers.on_incoming_pending_session(addr.ip()).unwrap_err(),
            InboundConnectionError::IpBanned
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_tick() {
        let ip = IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2));
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(ip, 8008);
        let config = PeersConfig::test();
        let mut peer_manager = PeersManager::new(config);
        let peer_id = PeerId::random();
        peer_manager.add_peer(peer_id, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
        peer_manager.tick();

        // still unconnected
        assert_eq!(peer_manager.peers.get_mut(&peer_id).unwrap().reputation, DEFAULT_REPUTATION);

        // mark as connected
        peer_manager.peers.get_mut(&peer_id).unwrap().state = PeerConnectionState::Out;

        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
        peer_manager.tick();

        // still at default reputation
        assert_eq!(peer_manager.peers.get_mut(&peer_id).unwrap().reputation, DEFAULT_REPUTATION);

        peer_manager.peers.get_mut(&peer_id).unwrap().reputation -= 1;

        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
        peer_manager.tick();

        // tick applied
        assert!(peer_manager.peers.get_mut(&peer_id).unwrap().reputation >= DEFAULT_REPUTATION);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_remove_incoming_after_disconnect() {
        let peer_id = PeerId::random();
        let addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8009);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();

        peers.on_incoming_pending_session(addr.ip()).unwrap();
        peers.on_incoming_session_established(peer_id, addr);
        let peer = peers.peers.get(&peer_id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(peer.state, PeerConnectionState::In);
        assert!(peer.remove_after_disconnect);

        peers.on_active_session_gracefully_closed(peer_id);
        assert!(!peers.peers.contains_key(&peer_id))
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_keep_incoming_after_disconnect_if_discovered() {
        let peer_id = PeerId::random();
        let addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8009);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();

        peers.on_incoming_pending_session(addr.ip()).unwrap();
        peers.on_incoming_session_established(peer_id, addr);
        let peer = peers.peers.get(&peer_id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(peer.state, PeerConnectionState::In);
        assert!(peer.remove_after_disconnect);

        // trigger discovery manually while the peer is still connected
        peers.add_peer(peer_id, PeerAddr::from_tcp(addr), None);

        peers.on_active_session_gracefully_closed(peer_id);

        let peer = peers.peers.get(&peer_id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(peer.state, PeerConnectionState::Idle);
        assert!(!peer.remove_after_disconnect);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_incoming_outgoing_already_connected() {
        let peer_id = PeerId::random();
        let addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8009);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();

        peers.on_incoming_pending_session(addr.ip()).unwrap();
        peers.add_peer(peer_id, PeerAddr::from_tcp(addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(_) => {}
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { .. } => {}
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        peers.on_incoming_session_established(peer_id, addr);
        peers.on_already_connected(Direction::Outgoing(peer_id));
        assert_eq!(peers.peers.get(&peer_id).unwrap().state, PeerConnectionState::In);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_inbound, 1);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_out, 0);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 0);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_outbound, 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_already_connected_incoming_outgoing_connection_error() {
        let peer_id = PeerId::random();
        let addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8009);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();

        peers.on_incoming_pending_session(addr.ip()).unwrap();
        peers.add_peer(peer_id, PeerAddr::from_tcp(addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(_) => {}
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { .. } => {}
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        peers.on_incoming_session_established(peer_id, addr);

        peers.on_outgoing_connection_failure(
            &addr,
            &peer_id,
            &io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionRefused, ""),
        );
        assert_eq!(peers.peers.get(&peer_id).unwrap().state, PeerConnectionState::In);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_inbound, 1);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_out, 0);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 0);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_outbound, 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_max_concurrent_dials() {
        let config = PeersConfig::default();
        let mut peer_manager = PeersManager::new(config);
        let ip = IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2));
        let peer_addr = PeerAddr::from_tcp(SocketAddr::new(ip, 8008));
        for _ in 0..peer_manager.connection_info.config.max_concurrent_outbound_dials * 2 {
            peer_manager.add_peer(PeerId::random(), peer_addr, None);
        }

        peer_manager.fill_outbound_slots();
        let dials = peer_manager
            .queued_actions
            .iter()
            .filter(|ev| matches!(ev, PeerAction::Connect { .. }))
            .count();
        assert_eq!(dials, peer_manager.connection_info.config.max_concurrent_outbound_dials);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_max_num_of_pending_dials() {
        let config = PeersConfig::default();
        let mut peer_manager = PeersManager::new(config);
        let ip = IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2));
        let peer_addr = PeerAddr::from_tcp(SocketAddr::new(ip, 8008));

        // add more peers than allowed
        for _ in 0..peer_manager.connection_info.config.max_concurrent_outbound_dials * 2 {
            peer_manager.add_peer(PeerId::random(), peer_addr, None);
        }

        for _ in 0..peer_manager.connection_info.config.max_concurrent_outbound_dials * 2 {
            match event!(peer_manager) {
                PeerAction::PeerAdded(_) => {}
                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
        }

        for _ in 0..peer_manager.connection_info.config.max_concurrent_outbound_dials {
            match event!(peer_manager) {
                PeerAction::Connect { .. } => {}
                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
        }

        // generate 'Connect' actions
        peer_manager.fill_outbound_slots();

        // all dialed connections should be in 'PendingOut' state
        let dials = peer_manager.connection_info.num_pending_out;
        assert_eq!(dials, peer_manager.connection_info.config.max_concurrent_outbound_dials);

        let num_pendingout_states = peer_manager
            .peers
            .iter()
            .filter(|(_, peer)| peer.state == PeerConnectionState::PendingOut)
            .map(|(peer_id, _)| *peer_id)
            .collect::<Vec<PeerId>>();
        assert_eq!(
            num_pendingout_states.len(),
            peer_manager.connection_info.config.max_concurrent_outbound_dials
        );

        // establish dialed connections
        for peer_id in &num_pendingout_states {
            peer_manager.on_active_outgoing_established(*peer_id);
        }

        // all dialed connections should now be in 'Out' state
        for peer_id in &num_pendingout_states {
            assert_eq!(peer_manager.peers.get(peer_id).unwrap().state, PeerConnectionState::Out);
        }

        // no more pending outbound connections
        assert_eq!(peer_manager.connection_info.num_pending_out, 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_connect() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::default();
        peers.add_and_connect(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);
        assert_eq!(peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap().state, PeerConnectionState::PendingOut);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, remote_addr } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
                assert_eq!(remote_addr, socket_addr);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        let (record, _) = peers.peer_by_id(peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(record.tcp_addr(), socket_addr);
        assert_eq!(record.udp_addr(), socket_addr);

        // connect again
        peers.add_and_connect(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        let (record, _) = peers.peer_by_id(peer).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(record.tcp_addr(), socket_addr);
        assert_eq!(record.udp_addr(), socket_addr);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_incoming_connection_from_banned() {
        let peer = PeerId::random();
        let socket_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 2)), 8008);
        let config = PeersConfig::test().with_max_inbound(3);
        let mut peers = PeersManager::new(config);
        peers.add_peer(peer, PeerAddr::from_tcp(socket_addr), None);

        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::PeerAdded(peer_id) => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        match event!(peers) {
            PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, .. } => {
                assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        // simulate new connection drops with error
        loop {
            peers.on_active_session_dropped(
                &socket_addr,
                &peer,
                &EthStreamError::InvalidMessage(reth_eth_wire::message::MessageError::Invalid(
                    reth_eth_wire::EthVersion::Eth68,
                    reth_eth_wire::EthMessageID::Status,
                )),
            );

            if peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap().is_banned() {
                break;
            }

            assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
            peers.on_incoming_session_established(peer, socket_addr);

            match event!(peers) {
                PeerAction::Connect { peer_id, .. } => {
                    assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
                }
                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
        }

        assert!(peers.peers.get(&peer).unwrap().is_banned());

        // fill all incoming slots
        for _ in 0..peers.connection_info.config.max_inbound {
            assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(socket_addr.ip()).is_ok());
            peers.on_incoming_session_established(peer, socket_addr);

            match event!(peers) {
                PeerAction::DisconnectBannedIncoming { peer_id } => {
                    assert_eq!(peer_id, peer);
                }
                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
        }

        poll_fn(|cx| {
            assert!(peers.poll(cx).is_pending());
            Poll::Ready(())
        })
        .await;

        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_inbound, 0);

        let new_addr = SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 1, 3)), 8008);

        // Assert we can still accept new connections
        assert!(peers.on_incoming_pending_session(new_addr.ip()).is_ok());
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_pending_in, 1);

        // the triggered DisconnectBannedIncoming will result in dropped connections, assert that
        // connection info is updated via the peer's state which would be a noop here since the
        // banned peer's state is idle
        peers.on_active_session_gracefully_closed(peer);
        assert_eq!(peers.connection_info.num_inbound, 0);
    }
}